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Yellow Fever
Urban and jungle yellow fever only
occur in parts of Africa and South America, Urban Yellow fever is an epidemic
disease transmitted to humans via mosquitoes . Jungle yellow fever is essentially
transmitted among animals and occasionally to humans via mosquitoes. The
international certificate of vaccination against yellow fever is valid for 10
years ,beginning 10 days after vaccination. Immunisation in the United Kingdom
is undertaken only at recognized yellow Fever vaccination centers. Food hygiene
Food should never be assumed to be safe unless it is known to have been
freshly and thoroughly cooked . Make sure meals have not been re-heated and
re-arranged. Avoid complicated delicacies that have received much handling
during preparation ,and cold platters left out in the open as they are likely to
be contaminated. Shellfish can be a particular hazard especially where water
quality may be poor. Fruit and vegetables should be freshly cooked or peeled. Water
Drinking Water
Water quality from the public drinking supply can not be guaranteed
for most countries outside northern Europe, North America and Australia,
travelers should be aware of the risks and precautions associated with water
quality whether for drinking, washing ,preparing food or swimming. Travelers on
short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain quality should avoid
drinking tap water or untreated water from any other source. It is best to keep
to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks . Boiling is a good way of treating
water and this can be used for drinking or brushing teeth. Ice is only as safe
as the water from which it is made and drinks should be cooled by placing them
on ice rather than adding ice to them. Bathing water
Swimming-pools, fresh-water or sea-water require filtration and
cleansing unless the water is frequently changed. If this is not done infections
of the eyes and ears are a hazard. If the general cleanliness and hygiene
standards of a hotel are satisfactory, its swimming-pool is likely to be safe.
Fresh-water lakes, dams and slow-flowing rivers are likely to be infected with bilharzias
in countries where it is present, namely through the tropics and
subtropics. Sea-water is usually safe from infection unless it is close to
sewage outlets or highly populated
areas where sanitary conditions are poor. |